Find published architecture standards and guidance to align technology strategy across the university. A process is defined by its objectives, inputs, phases (steps or activities) and outputs. In addition to three major framework components discussed above. Ensure infrastructure services offer appropriate levels of security, configurability, resiliency and recoverability. Camarinha-Matos, H. Afsarmanesh, Collaborative Networks: Reference Modeling, Springer, 2008. Make interactive systems equally operable for all users on all common devices, regardless of circumstances or limitations. An enterprise architecture framework (EA framework) defines how to create and use an enterprise architecture. Enterprise Architecture at Harvard Search . Obtain data from other systems only when needed, except when coordinated snapshots are needed for consistency such as fiscal year closing. These domains can be further divided into Sub domain disciplines. Use an API versioning system to manage API changes and indicate compatibility levels. Transform data the least number of times and into the smallest number of different formats. Incorporate user feedback throughout the design, testing, and implementation process. The business mission is the primary driver. Many EA frameworks combine data and application domains into a single (digitized) information system layer, sitting below the business (usually a human activity system) and above the technology (the platform IT infrastructure). By 1980, IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP) was promoted as a method for analyzing and designing an organization's information architecture, with the following goals: In 1982, when working for IBM and with BSP, John Zachman outlined his framework for enterprise-level "Information Systems Architecture". Enterprise architecture regards the enterprise as a large and complex system or system of systems. EA provides 'road maps' to help chart the implementation of new and evolving applications to meet business needs. Assess risk across the entire system, not only within a particular layer. CIOs can’t avoid SOA today. In 1992, a paper by Zachman and Sowa[12] started thus "John Zachman introduced a framework for information systems architecture (ISA) that has been widely adopted by systems analysts and database designers." It takes … This way of looking at the architecture domains was evident in TOGAF v1 (1996), which encapsulated the technology component layer behind the platform services defined in the "Technical Reference Model" - very much according to the philosophy of TAFIM and POSIX. Layer - Strategy. For example, let's say a corporation called TechToYou has a department that focuses on developing hardware devices, another that develops software for those devices and yet another that is responsible … Then and in later papers, Zachman used the word enterprise as a synonym for business. Be open to SaaS integrations. Establishing and Maintaining An Enterprise Architecture Capability [9] However, some still use the term Enterprise Architecture as a synonym for Business Architecture, rather than covering all four architecture domains - business, data, applications and technology. Align customer applications with Harvard’s IT direction. Enterprise Architecture Framework (EA Framework) is a formal definition of the essential elements or components of Enterprise Architecture, and their inter-relationship An Enterprise Architecture Framework is analogous to a mathematical equation or chemical formula in that it specifies the variables or elements, and their relationships required to solve the "practical model of enterprise… Provide expertise and offer services that enable the customer to make well-informed decisions and actively manage their applications. Enterprise, Business and IT Architects at all levels who construct and govern architecture building blocks (ABBs) to enable the creation of effective solution building blocks. [13], In 1990, the term "Enterprise Architecture" was formally defined for the first time as an architecture that "defines and interrelates data, hardware, software, and communications resources, as well as the supporting organization required to maintain the overall physical structure required by the architecture".[13][15]. Balance risk, asset value and cost to protect within the context of approved security policies. The Class, subject and entity forms a hierarchical view of data. Risk and security must be understood and applied across the whole system and not just within a specific layer. Make it timely. A change in syntax or semantics requires a new version. Enterprise architecture frameworks that are released as open source: Components of enterprise architecture framework, Enterprise architecture domains and subdomains, Types of enterprise architecture framework. Using middleware services as supporting components to the functional capabilities of applications can simplify development and support portability. The Enterprise Architecture Reference Traditional Model offers a clear distinction between the architecture domains (business, information/data, application/integration and technical/infrastructure). Select and build applications that meet multiple needs and can support multiple organizations. US Department of the Treasury Chief Information Officer Council (2000). There are several EA frameworks available that provide a structure for EA blueprints / models. In 1989, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model. Interfaces must be well documented and freely available. Harvard University’s vision for enterprise architecture is to articulate and drive to common solutions, standards, and opportunities for alignment in order to reduce IT complexity and cost across the University and enable local innovation. No matter where CIOs turn, they hear the same message: You must deploy an SOA—quickly—or be at a competitive disadvantage. There are at least two domains, "Business Modeling" and "Current Systems and Technology", which can be further broken down into "Data Architecture… Use a meaningful identity - Users and applications should be permitted through their identity and system and not their current address. There should be multiple vendor or open source implementations for vendor-supplied interfaces. Layer 1: Enterprise Governance; Layer 2: Business(es) Layer 3: Information (facilities) Layer 4: IT Infrastructure(s) All these layers and entities are part of a container entity like 'Enterprise', 'Organization' or Company. Select tools and products that have multiple implementations. Enterprise Architecture Domains (Figure 2. Ensure that all touchpoints of the user journey are optimized for a great user experience across all channels and devices for all users. Provide the means for migrating to a Cloud infrastructure. [11] The paper provided a classification scheme for artifacts that describe (at several levels of abstraction) the what, how, where, who, when and why of information systems. Infrastructure encompasses hardware and virtualized platforms that operate applications, services, and their components. Enterprise architecture is unique to every organization, however, there are some common elements. This helps to achieve encapsulation. APIs are the preferred method of moving information between systems. Description advice: some kind of Architecture Artifacts Map or Viewpoint Library. The domains higher in the stack were built on top of and depended upon the lower layers. The data view starts with the data classes which can be decomposed into data subjects which can be further decomposed into data entities. Give preference to shared services that are able to support multiple applications using the smallest number of instance implementations. An aim is to improve data quality, access to data, adaptability to changing requirements, data interoperability and sharing, and cost containment. We approach the work of defining an architecture for the University by considering each layer of our physical architecture "stack", as well as cross-cutting security requirements, and articulating a set of Principles, Standards and Resources for each layer. Many of the recent Enterprise Architecture frameworks have some kind of set of views defined, but these sets are not always called view models. and to engage business managers with the benefits that strategic cross-organisational process integration and/or standardisation could provide. In 2006, the popular book Enterprise Architecture As Strategy[16] reported the results of work by MIT's Center for Information System Research. Utilize the ‘defense in depth’ approach. Select and build applications that include re-usable components. These architecture sub-layers are clearly related to one another via well-definable relations; integration of these sub-layers is a necessity for a cohesive and effective enterprise architecture design. The technical services are typically supported by software products. Technology Layer (generic hardware, network and platform applications offering platform services to each other and to business applications). Minimize version changes to provide stability. Security is best accomplished if built into the entire product lifecycle (design, deployment, operation, and end of life) and not "bolted on" afterwards. In 2001, the US Chief CIO council published A practical guide to Federal Enterprise Architecture, which starts, “An enterprise architecture (EA) establishes the Agency-wide roadmap to achieve an Agency’s mission through optimal performance of its core business processes within an efficient information technology (IT) environment." Nowadays there are now countless EA frameworks, many more than in the following listing. Business Architecture Meta Model; We have broken out the business layer relations as they are quite broad, the other layers are within the diagrams. This allows for making systemic design decisions on all the components of the system and making long-term decisions around new design requirements, sustainability, and support.[2]. The term enterprise architecture did not appear. BRM (Build-Run-Manage) Framework - an architecture framework created by Sanjeev "Sunny" Mishra during his early days at IBM in 2000. Enterprise architecture management (EAM) is a structured approach that an enterprise uses for creating, managing, and using enterprise architecture to align business and IT. Shared services for access management, logging and other common needs reduce duplication of effort, help achieve economies of scale and can improve quality. At that point, the processes in TOGAF, FEAF, EAP and BSP were clearly related. Consider people, process and technology in making security decisions. ... Has both a comprehensive taxonomy and an architectural process - can be viewed as either a methodology for creating an enterprise architecture or the result of applying that process to a particular enterprise … When a layer is changed or replaced, only those layers … Each view describes one slice of the architecture; it includes those entities and relationships that address particular concerns of interest to particular stakeholders; it may take the form of a list, a table, a diagram, or a higher level of composite of such. Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology, Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework, Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework, Colombian Enterprise Architecture Framework, Marco de Referencia de Arquitectura Empresarial, Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture, Extended Enterprise Architecture Framework, Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF), Architecture patterns (EA reference architecture), Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework Version 1.1, Department of Defense Technical Reference Model, A brief history of EA: what is in it and what is not, TOGAF® 9.1 > Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM) > Preliminary Phase, TOGAF® 9.1 > Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM) > Introduction to the ADM, FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document, Engineering Enterprise Architecture: Call to Action, Enterprise Architecture Frameworks: The Fad of the Century, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterprise_architecture_framework&oldid=988125893, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Data Layer (Business information and other valuable stored data), Information System Layer (business applications offering information services to each other and to business functions). Data and information are key University assets that must be managed to maximize value and minimize risk. Empower the customer to take advantage of Cloud capabilities. Include both prevention measures and detection and response functions. Right up to version 7, TOGAF was still focused on defining and using a Technical Reference Model (or foundation architecture) to define the platform services required from the technologies that an entire enterprise uses to support business applications. It was not an EA framework as we see it now, but it helped to establish the notion of dividing EA into architecture domains or layers. Security is comprised of people, process, and technology, and done well needs to take all three into consideration. Avoid the duplication of effort and unnecessary expense of redundant implementations. Descriptions of architecture: how to document the enterprise as a system, from several viewpoints. "If you deploy SOA-based technology before yo… Build security into the entire product lifecycle. Given IBM already employed BSP, Zachman had no need to provide planning process. The NIST Enterprise Architecture Model seemingly was the first publication that consistently used the term "Enterprise Architecture". Build and evaluate applications considering institutional principles and policies. Provide systems and controls to give end users flexibility and control over their resources. As such they must deliver the appropriate 'fit, form, and function' to the business owners. Simply stated, enterprise architecture framework (EAF) refers to any framework, process, or methodology which informs how to create and use an enterprise architecture.So, what is enterprise architecture?At a high level, enterprise architecture offers a comprehensive approach and holistic view of IT throughout an enterprise. An enterprise is a business, company, firm, or group of any size that provides consumers with goods and/or services. Control access using identity rather than network address. All data assets must be documented with descriptions and easily available to members of the Harvard Community. The architecture was split into technology, applications, information, and business domains. User Experience is a core consideration when designing, selecting, and delivering tools and services to the Harvard community. Design and expect failure; routine failure should not impact availability. A 2d flat version. the types of concerns arising in that domain, architecture viewpoints framing those concerns and. The five layers … Favor SaaS, then COTS solutions before considering investments in customization and development efforts. Business and IT Designers at all … Evolution and reinvestment in applications are driven in part by changing business requirements, but also in part by transitions in technologies such as web-based applications, and cloud computing. planning and implementing enterprise analysis to successfully execute on business strategies It decides if the transmission is to take place in parallel or a single path. Give preference to services that provide full management and operation capabilities to application teams in order to minimize redundant investment in staff, skills, and computing resources. 1 Articulates a set of principles and standards aligned to each architecture layer 2 Engages with IT teams across Harvard through Architecture … The domains higher in the stack were built on top of and depended upon the lower layers. Browse the Documents. Ensure the accessibility and mobility of products. [9], In 1996, the US IT Management Reform Act, more commonly known as the Clinger-Cohen Act, repeatedly directed that a US federal government agency's investment in IT must be mapped to identifiable business benefits. [13], In 1994, the Open Group selected TAFIM from the US DoD as a basis for development of The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), where architecture meant IT architecture. [9], In 2011, the TOGAF 9.1. specification says: "Business planning at the strategy level provides the initial direction to enterprise architecture. A view model is a framework that defines the set of views or approaches used in systems analysis, systems design, or the construction of an enterprise architecture. Business Architecture to Other Layers; Business Architecture to Support; Class Documentation - Business Architecture Layer Since Stephen Spewak’s Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) in 1993, and perhaps before then, it has been normal to divide enterprises architecture into four architecture domains. Obtain data only when needed in order to maximize data currency. [3] To manage the scale and complexity of this system, an architectural framework provides tools and approaches that help architects abstract from the level of detail at which builders work, to bring enterprise design tasks into focus and produce valuable architecture description documentation. In 2002/3, in its Enterprise Edition, TOGAF 8 shifted focus from the technology architecture layer to the higher business, data and application layers. Provide seamless recovery from failure. Since Stephen Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) in 1993, and perhaps before then, it has been normal to divide enterprises architecture into four architecture domains. Think of an enterprise as a collection of organizations that have a common set of goals in delivering products or services to their market. Facilitate evolution with the technology to achieve greater value in both time and cost. Middleware provides services to other software as opposed to implementing business functions directly. [11][12], In 1986, the PRISM architecture framework was developed as a result of the research project sponsored by a group of companies, including IBM, which was seemingly the first published EA framework.[13]. Process once, reuse many times. What is the stack or layers of Enterprise Architecture? Organization advice: including an EA Governance Model. A 2008 research project for the development of professional certificates in enterprise and solution architecture by the British Computer Society (BCS) showed that enterprise architecture has always been inseparable from information system architecture, which is natural, since business people need information to make decisions and carry out business processes. The application and technology domains (not to be confused with business domains) are characterized by domain capabilities and domain services. Encourage innovation and experimentation. EA3 Layers. It introduced structured analysis, after information technology engineering, which features, for example, mappings of organization units to business functions and data entities to business functions. They relate data entities, use cases, applications and technologies to the functions/capabilities. [9] In other words, Enterprise Architecture is not a business strategy, planning or management methodology. Enterprise Architecture strives to align business information systems technology with given business strategy, goals and drivers. An example of the EA domain and subdomains is in the image on the right. It's an easy concept to define, but more difficult to implement effectively. Several enterprise architecture frameworks break down the practice of enterprise architecture into a number of practice areas or "domains" (also called viewpoints, layers or aspects). EAM translates the enterprise vision into venture and takes the enterprise through the journey from its current state to the target state. Understand your users and their needs and make that a priority for design decisions. Harvard University Information Technology784 Memorial Drive, 2nd FloorCambridge, MA 02138. Align to ITSM practices. It was promoted within the U.S. federal government. Use infrastructure and services that enable developers and administrators to manage application performance, cost and operational risk. Reuse common capabilities and automate repetitive processes. Enterprise Architecture (EA)is a way of organizing the operations and structure of a business. Applications reflect the most direct alignment of Information Technology solutions to business requirements. Organizations should have confidence that application teams have proven the effectiveness and security of their solutions. EAP has its roots in IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP). And many enterprise architects regard their business function/capability hierarchy/map as the fundamental Enterprise Architecture artifact. Security can't be appropriately applied without an understanding of the risk, including existing threats and impacts, as well as the "value" of what is being secured. It emerged from the desire to rationalize a messy IT estate. Since the early 1990s, there have been a number of efforts to define standard approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures.

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